econ review garn

econ review garn - Transcript

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY NOTES 0809
The student will identify natural human and capital resources and explain their significance by
showing patterns of economic activity and land use
Natural substances become resources if and when they become useful to humans
The value of resources has changed over time
Natural human and capital resources influence human activity in regions
Economic activity can be classified as primary secondary or tertiary
Use of energy resources and technology as it has changed over time 1 old 5 new
1 Wood deforestation one of the oldest sources of energy
2 Coal creates pollution mining problems destroy mountains in competition with oil and gas
3 Petroleum transportation environmental considerations Spills are bad and it is running out
4 Nuclear contamination waste the leftover fuel is harmful to humans Think of Chernobyl
5 Solar wind cost aesthetics still expensive to build and many people don t like the way it looks
Natural resources
Renewable Soil water forests these can be used over and over again
Nonrenewable Fossil fuels oil coal natural gas and metals gold iron copper bauxite While some of it can be recycled once we run out of it there is no more They are in limited supply
Human resources
Level of education higher levels of education make more money and advance society
Skilled and unskilled laborers both are needed to make an economy function Anyone can do unskilled farming and basic factory work Skilled laborers are more valuable but need training
Entrepreneurial and managerial abilities Entrepreneurs On trey praNEWers START businesses Managers KEEP businesses GOING
Capital resources
Availability of money for investment money is needed to get things started and to keep them going
Level of infrastructure Does a place have roads schools electricity phones post offices etc Without these things you can t have a growing or functioning economy
Availability and use of tools machines and technologies This is what people invest in because it is what you use in order to make money People who are trained to use these things are skilled laborers
Resources are not distributed equally
The location of resources influences economic activity and patterns of land use
Levels of economic activity
Primary Dealing directly with resources fishing farming forestry mining
Secondary Manufacturing and processing steel mills automobile assembly sawmills
Tertiary providing services transportation retail trade informational technology services
Effects of unequal distribution of resources
Interdependence of nations trade in goods services and capital resources People trade to get stuff
Uneven economic development some countries are poor and others are rich
Energy producers and consumers Countries that have a lot produce extra and can sell export it to other countries that need it Those that need it consume buy import it from the
Imperialism The practice of one country extending its control over the territory political system or economic life of another country
Conflict over control of resources
Patterns of land use
Proximity of natural resources to economic activity You can find some economic activities near the resources that they need to make it happen Memorize these Examples steel is near coal cattle ranching is near grain fishing is in the ocean aluminum smelting is near hydro electric power
Non proximity of resources to economic activity Sometimes a place is not near the resources it needs Japan has Limited natural resources but they are a major manufacturing country because they import what they need United Arab Emirates UAE has abundant Oil but lacks of industry
The student will identify natural human and capital resources and explain their significance by
evaluating perspectives and consequences regarding the use of resources
The use of a resource depends on a nation s culture values access to technology and governmental priorities as they change over time
How and why do different cultures develop different perspectives on the use of resources
What are some costs and benefits in the use of resources
Social and economic priorities that influence a culture s perspective on resources
Economic development priorities countries have to decide what is most needed Schools or bridges
Environmental conservation priorities How do we decide whether to preserve forests or sell the wood
Priorities of indigenous minorities If a tribe lives on a mountain can we still do mining there
Examples of technologies that have created demand need for particular resources
Steam engines created a demand for coal Coal was less valuable before the steam engine
Internal combustion engine used in cars and trucks created a demand for gasoline petroleum
Computer chips created a demand for skilled labor because someone has to know how to use them
Costs
Resource depletion Especially for non renewables once they are gone they are gone
Environmental degradation this can lead to health problems and damage to the ecosystem
Health problems lung disease from polluted air cancer from radiation death from overexposure
Benefits
Production of goods and services You have to use resources to make stuff and get money
Employment opportunities resources make jobs possible Jobs provide money Money buys stuff
Development of technologies you have to have resources to make new technology
The student will distinguish between developed and developing countries and relate the level of economic development to the standard of living and quality of life
Levels of economic development vary from country to country and from place to place within countries
Many criteria are used to assess the standard of living and quality of life
Resources and technology influence economic development and quality of life
Differences between developed and developing nations
Developed Developing
Access to natural resources Abundant Scarce
Access to capital resources Abundant Scarece
Numbers and skills of human resources Many high skilled workers Few skilled workers many unskilled workers
Levels of economic development Many 3rd and 4th level jobs Mostly primary and secondary
Standards of living and quality of life High Standard of Living Low Standard of Living
Relationships between economic development and quality of life High Quality of life Low Quality of Life

Indicators of economic development
Urban rural ratio how many people life in the city vs in the countryside
Labor force characteristics primary secondary tertiary sectors developed have more 2nd and 3rd
GDP per capita total amount of goods and services divided by the population wealth per person
Educational achievement developed countries tend to have higher literacy and education levels
Indicators of standards of living and quality of life
Population growth rate natural increase birth rate death rate
Population age distribution how many males and females in each age group
Literacy rate number of people per 1000 who can read
Life expectancy Average age that people are expected to live
Infant mortality number of babies per 1000 who die before 1st birthday
Percentage of urban population number of people who live in the city
The student will analyze the global patterns and networks of economic interdependence by
a identifying criteria that influence economic activities
Resources are not equally distributed
Economic activities are influenced by availabiltiy of resources cultural values economic philosophies and levels of supply and demand for goods and services
No country has all the resources it needs to survive and grow
Criteria that influence economic activity
Access to human natural and capital resources
Skills of the work force
Natural resources
Access to new technologies
Transportaion and communication networks
Availability of investment capital
Location and ability to exchange goods
Landlocked countries countries completely surrounded by land w o access to a waterway
Coastal and island countries
Proximity to shipping lanes
Access to communication networks
Membership in political and economic alliances that provide access to markets e g European Union EU North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA
The student will analyze the global patterns and networks of economic interdependence by
b explaining comparative advantage and its relationship to international trade
Resources are not distributed equally
No country has all the resources it needs to survive and grow
Terms to know
Comparative advantage Countries will export goods and services that they can produce at lower relative costs than other countries
Effects of unequal distribution of resources
Specialization in goods and services that a country can market for profit
Exchange of goods and services exporting what a country can market for profit importing what a country cannot produce profitably
Some countries use of resources
Japan Highly industrial nation despite limited natural resources
Russia Numerous resources but they are hard to get to because of cold rough terrain
United States Diversified economy abundant natural resources specialized industries
C te d Ivoire Limited natural resources cash crops in exchange for manufactured goods
Switzerland Limited natural resources production of services on a global scale
Reasons why countries engage in trade
To import goods and services that they need
To export goods and services that they can market for profit
Effects of comparative advantage on international trade
Enables nations to produce goods and services that they can market for profit
Influences development of industries e g steel aircraft automobile clothing
Supports specialization and efficient use of human resources
The student will analyze the global patterns and networks of economic interdependence by
c describing ways that economic and social interactions have changed over time
Economic social and therefore spatial relationships change over time
Improvements in transportation and communication have promoted globalization
Changes that have occurred over time
Industrial labor systems e g cottage industry factory office telecommunications
Migration from rural to urban areas aka Urbanization
Industrialized countries export labor intensive work to developing nations
Growth of trade alliances
Growth of service tertiary industries
Growth of financial services networks and international banks
Internationalization of product assembly e g vehicles electronic equipment
Technology that allows instant communication among people in different countries
Modern transportation networks that allow rapid and efficient exchange of goods and materials e g Federal Express United Parcel Service U S Postal Service
Widespread marketing of products e g Fuji film Nike United Colors of Benetton
The student will analyze the global patterns and networks of economic interdependence by
d describing and evaluating the formation of economic unions
As a global society the world is increasingly interdependent Everyone needs each other to get the things that they want For example your shoes and clothes come from China electronics from Japan food from the USA art music and fashion from European countries etc
Examples of economic unions
EU European Union
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Advantages of economic unions countries can do more when they work together
More efficient industries
Access to larger markets
Access to natural human and capital resources without restrictions
Greater influence on world market
Disadvantages of economic unions they benefit big businesses and sometimes lead to arguments
Closing of some industries
Concentration of some industries in certain countries leaving peripheral areas behind
Agribusiness replacing family farms
Difficulty in agreeing on common economic policies
Economic interdependence fosters the formation of economic unions Unions happen because all of the countries already need each other so they just agree to officially work together and set rules