A GUIDE TO MICRO DATA METHODS AND PRACTICE
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A GUIDE TO MICRO DATA METHODS AND PRACTICE
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A GUIDE TO MICRO DATA METHODS AND PRACTICE - Transcript
DYNAMIC PANEL DATA MODELS
A GUIDE TO MICRO DATA METHODS AND PRACTICE
Stephen Bond
THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UCL
cemmap working paper CWP09 02
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