nationalism in europe

nationalism in europe - Transcript

Nationalism in Europe

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Nationalism in Europe

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Italian Unification
Preview
Starting Points Map Europe 1815 Main Idea Reading Focus Stirrings of Nationalism Quick Facts Elements of Nationalism The Path Toward Unity Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

Nationalism in Europe

Section 1

Italian Unification
Preview continued
Map The Unification of Italy Challenges After Unification

Nationalism in Europe
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Section 1

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Nationalism in Europe

Section 1

Italian Unification
Main Idea
In the 1800s Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of Italy

Reading Focus
How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna What role did Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward Italian unification How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy What challenges did Italy face after unification

Nationalism in Europe

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Stirrings of Nationalism Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of Roman Empire
Most spoke same language but peninsula divided into competing states each with own government Napoleon invaded Italy
United many states under one government Unification did not last After Napoleon s defeat Congress of Vienna split Italian states

Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

Nationalism in Europe After Congress of Vienna

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Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old Europe old relationships 15 years after Congress old order destroyed beyond repair 1800s nationalism a growing force in Europe fostered by decisions made at Congress of Vienna

National Groups Ignored
Congress had ignored national groups placing them under control of large empires some empires included different ethnic groups Italians split into three groups much of northern Italy under Austrian rule other states under Hapsburgs still others under a French ruler Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions

Nationalism in Europe

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Nationalism in Europe

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Mazzini and Young Italy
Secret Societies
Italian artists writers thinkers became interested in celebrating Italy s cultural traditions Others formed secret societies to work for political change plotted to overthrow Austrian government in Italy

Young Italy
1831 popular writer Giuseppe Mazzini launched nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification of Italian states Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of Italians to cause of unification

Nationalism in Europe

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Define What is nationalism

Answer s devotion to one s national group

Nationalism in Europe

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The Path Toward Unity
As Italian nationalism grew some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy

Uprisings Revolutions
1848 nationalist inspired revolutions spread throughout Europe In some Italian states citizens rebelled against Austrian rule Piedmont declared war against Austria fought for year was defeated Others seized Rome 1849 French troops helped pope regain control

Cavour and Sardinia
Only successful revolt was in Sardinia Rulers forced to grant new constitution Sardinia remained independent One of most important leaders of Italian unification emerged Camillo di Cavour Founded nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento resurgence or rebirth

Nationalism in Europe

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Sardinia and Italy
Kingdom of Sardinia
1852 Cavour became prime minister of independent Kingdom of Sardinia Believed thriving economy important for Italy to be reborn

Economy
Cavour worked to build Sardinian economy Believed Italy should be reborn as monarchy

Ally
Cavour in position to cultivate powerful ally Supported France in war with Russia gave France provinces of Savoy Nice

France s Support
France agreed to support Sardinia in war against Austria 1860 northern Italian states liberated from control of Austrian Empire

Nationalism in Europe

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Identify Cause and Effect How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire
Answer s He cultivated an alliance with the French

Nationalism in Europe
Sword of Italy

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Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
Many Italians consider Cavour brain of Italian unification Mazzini heart Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called sword of Italy Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement 1833

Exile
Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination

Return
1854 Garibaldi returned for good Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria After bitter fighting Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy retaining Venetia

Nationalism in Europe

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Control and Elections
The Red Shirts
Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms By July 1860 using guerilla warfare Garibaldi Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily September Garibaldi Sardinian troops conquered Naples Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel

Unification
1861 territories held elections all agreed to unification Holdouts were Venetia still belonging to Austria Papal States under French troops supporting pope 1866 Prussia defeated Austria gave Venetia to Italy 1870 Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome Italian troops entered Rome completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel

Nationalism in Europe

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Nationalism in Europe

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Find the Main Idea What actions led Garibaldi to be called the sword of Italian unification
Answer s He used guerilla tactics to gain control of the southern Italian states

Nationalism in Europe

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Challenges After Unification
In the years after unification Italy faced many new challenges Although politically unified Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems Social Economic Problems
Strong regional differences led to lack of unity Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation

Poverty Emigration
Poverty serious problem caused many to emigrate 1880s large numbers left Italy many for Americas Unemployment rising taxes led to rioting violence

Reforms
Voting reform a major priority 1870 only wealthiest Italian men could vote By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote

Nationalism in Europe

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Reforms and Empire
As Italy industrialized particularly in north government passed reforms including laws limiting work hours prohibiting child labor Government encouraged building transportation water systems to improve cities encourage industry

A New Foreign Policy
1882 Italy formed military alliance with Austria Hungary Germany Agreed to defend each other against any possible attack Arrangement known as Triple Alliance this other alliances brought Europe to war in 1914

Empire Building
Italy tried to build empire Tried to gain control over Ethiopia Failed after being defeated by larger Ethiopian army 1896 1911 Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire gained territory in Africa

Nationalism in Europe

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Summarize What problems did Italy face after unification
Answer s Regional differences kept the nation from being truly united pope did not recognize Italy as a legitimate nation widespread poverty caused many Italians to emigrate