Guide to Writing an Essay
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Guide to Writing an Essay
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Guide to Writing an Essay - Transcript
Economic Studies
A Guide to Writing an Essay
Students are often keen to find out how to write effective essays and what tutors are looking for when
marking essays. Below is a guide to some points students should use when writing an essays. It is not
exclusive, however, it is provided to help provide a guide for students in writing essays.
1
Weaker essay
Essay does not identify the critical issues
referred to or implied by the question.
Discussion of text(s) does not engage with
these issues, points made in essay lack
relevance to question being asked.
Interpretation of
and response to
the essay
question.
Stronger essay
Essay has identified central critical issues, which the
question appears to be asking about; discussion of text(s)
is always focused on these. The particular aspects of the
text and range of subjects discussed address the critical
issues identified from the question.
Weaker essay
The argument is not easy to follow; related
points about the text(s) are not grouped
together; it is not clear why paragraphs follow
on from one another; essay does not develop
an argument.
Structure of the
essay
Stronger essay
The argument is straightforward to follow; critical
observations are organized in paragraphs, which follow on
from one another for a clear reason; an argument is
developed through the essay.
2
Weaker essay
Interpretations are not valid (e.g. assertions are
not argued or explained; points are made briefly
without discussion of the text to support them)
AND/OR there is a lack of familiarity and critical
understanding of the text (e.g. essay describes
or gives a narrative account of the text rather
than being critically focused on certain aspects
of it).
Persuasiveness
of interpretation
Stronger essay
Persuasiveness and valid interpretations (e.g. assertions
are explained, points are developed and substantiated by
reference to specific features of the text(s); a high level of
familiarity with and critical understanding of the text is
displayed.
Weaker essay
The work is lacking in personal engagement
with the text(s) and/or observation and interest.
There is a tendency to rely on secondhand
interpretations of the text(s); ideas and critical
observations are largely derivative of secondary
reading, lecture material and seminar
discussion, rather than being rooted in personal
experience of reading the text(s).
Originality/ quality
of personal
interpretation
Stronger essay
There is evidence of a personal engagement with and
response to the text(s) studied. Ideas and critical
assertions made about the text(s) may be influenced by
secondary reading and material from lectures and
seminars, but are not wholly dependent on these.
There are insightful points of interpretation and
comparison; fresh and lively observations are made about
the text and its relationship to other texts and contexts.
3
Weaker essay
Quality of the essay’s analysis suffers from lack
of use of critical terms and concepts;
OR where these are employed, their application
is not productive (e.g. used inaccurately
or unnecessarily, to try and impress the
reader).
Use of
appropriate
critical terms and
concepts in
analysing the
text(s)
Stronger essay
Relevant critical terms and concepts are used accurately
and productively (i.e. with a full understanding of what they
mean) to express ideas about the text(s) and support the
essay’s analysis; unnecessary use of jargon is avoided.
Weaker essay
Lack of reference to other critical perspectives
limits the quality of the essay’s analysis of the
text(s)
OR reference to secondary sources is
unproductive, not advancing the argument (e.g.
unthinking reproduction of critical material rather
than active engagement with it)
AND/OR failure to acknowledge secondary
sources consulted in writing the essay.
Use of secondary
critical materials
Stronger essay
Reference to other critical perspectives is made at
appropriate points; it enhances the quality of the analysis
and advances the essay’s argument. Essay engages and
debates with the critical material rather than simply
reproducing it. Secondary sources consulted in writing the
essay are properly acknowledged.
4
Weaker essay
There is a lack of reference to contextual
information which would be relevant to the
question being asked and would serve to
improve the critical substance of the essay;
OR contextual information is used but does not
contribute to the essay’s argument (e.g. it is not
relevant to the question).
Understanding
and use of
relevant contexts
(e.g. literary;
historical)
Stronger essay
Reference is made to relevant contexts (e.g. how the text
relates to other texts/literary tradition; and/or how it relates
to the cultural and historical context of its production) and
leads to a better critical understanding of the text(s) being
discussed in the essay.
Weaker essay
Essay does not pay sufficiently detailed
attention to specific features of the text(s) being
discussed; assertions are not supported by
direct reference to particular parts of the text(s);
OR where there is close reference to the text(s),
it is not relevant to the point being made and so
does not back it up (e.g. material is quoted
without any critical commentary).
Use of close
textual reference
Stronger essay
Essay focuses on and discusses specific features of text(s)
being studied in such a way as to advance the argument
(e.g. reference to the text is made to substantiate the
critical argument). There is critical engagement with the
material quoted from the text(s).
5
Weaker essay
Low level of technical accuracy (e.g. errors in
spelling, grammar, vocabulary; quotations from
primary and secondary texts are not references
in an accepted manner; bibliography, is missing
or not laid out according to academic
conventions; no evidence of the work having
been proofread).
Technical
accuracy
Stronger essay
High level of technical accuracy (e.g. accurate spelling,
grammar, vocabulary, paragraphing; all direct and indirect
references to primary and secondary texts are referenced
consistently using an accepted system; bibliography
includes all texts used in writing the essay and is laid out in
an academically approved manner; evidence of careful
proofreading).
Weaker essay
Relatively poor expression of ideas (e.g. limited
vocabulary leading to a lack of clarity); essay is
unnecessarily difficult or laborious to read (e.g.
little variety of sentence structures; gratuitous
use of pretentious language); evidence of the
work submitted not having been proof
read/revised from the initial draft.
Prose style Stronger essay
Writing is clear, accurate, precise; fluent; language is used
effectively (i.e. to express ideas in a clear and interesting
way, rather than just to impress the reader); appropriate
vocabulary is used; there is variety in sentence structure;
awareness of the audience for whom the essay is being
written; essay appears to have undergone revision from
the initial draft.
6
Weaker essay
Work is poorly presented (e.g. illegible
handwriting; cramped layout; words
repeatedly crossed out on the page).
Presentation
(neatness,
legibility)
Stronger essay
Wellpresented work (e.g. workprocessed; clear layout;
readable typeface).
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