Decision Making
1 of 59
Decision Making
Featured
Union Budget 2008 09 CRISIL
Specifying Multimedia Access Control Using Rdf
EK Fayetteville SWOT Analysis
doubles 1 red
Measuring The Effectiveness of Integrated Marketing Communications
economics
Computer Aided Software Engineering - Basic Characteristics of CASE Tools
An Introduction To Cdma
Structure Of The Atom
wages and quantities of labour
bomb detection using wireless
Dividing Mixed Numbers
Geometry Chapter 4.1 - 4.5 Jeopardy
Interactions of Life Communities
Elements of Business Plan
cell division cancer
UPACT deadlines format
File IO and Exceptions
wise owl
Consumer promotion ssession
Decision Making - Transcript
Decision Making and Decision
Support Systems
To decide
n to come to a conclusion
Decision
n Making up your mind to do something
n Making a judgment on what ought to be
done
Decision
To do nothing and wait for things to happen
can also be a decision
Are decisions made or are decisions
taken?
Decision Making vs. Decision
Taking
n Decision making involves a series of steps
that ultimately culminates in a resolution
n Decision taking may be instantaneous,
impulsive, unconscious, intuitive
n Decision making is usually systematic and
based on thinking
n Decision taking may usually rely on gut
feeling
Decision making vs. Problem
solving
n Is decision making same as problem
solving?
Or
n Is problem solving a step in the process of
decision making?
Or
n Is decision making a step in the process of
problem solving?
Decision making vs. Problem solving
(contd.)
n Problem solving and Decision making are
intertwined
n Information is required for both problem
solving and decision making
Why decision making is
difficult?
n Too many options/ alternatives from which
to decide
n High cost of wrong decisions
n Increasingly dynamic environment with
greater uncertainties
n Competitor moves and countermoves at
extremely fast pace
Herbert Simon’s Model of decision
making
n Decision making is a rational process
comprising three major phases:
n Intelligence
n Design
n Choice
Decision
Intelligence
Design
Choice
Simon’s Model
Intelligence Phase
n Scan the environment for a problem.
n Determine if decisionmaker can solve
the problem.
n Within scope of influence
n Fully define the problem by gathering
more information about the problem.
Design
n Decision maker identifies alternative courses of
action to solve a problem
n This can be a creative activity requiring brain
storming, analogies, checklists etc.
n Not all alternatives are clearly visible; they have
to be unearthed from a heap of possibilities
n Only a finite and limited number of alternatives
can be finally evaluated
Choice Phase
n Select the solution to implement.
n More detailed analysis of selected
solutions might be needed.
n Verify initial conditions.
n Analyze proposed solution against real
world constraints.
Phases of DecisionMaking
n Simon’s original three phases:
n Intelligence
n Design
n Choice
n He added fourth phase later:
n Implementation
n Book adds fifth stage:
n Monitoring
Control
Intelligence
Design
Choice
Modified Simon’s Model
Implementation
Typology of Decisions
n Robert Anthony’s Classification:
n Strategic Planning
n Management Control
n Operational Control
n Simon’s Classification
n Programmed/ structured decisions
n Nonprogrammed/ Unstructured decisions
Properties of Programmed/
structured decisions
n Welldefined decision situation
n Some specified procedure or decision rule
can be applied
n Routine and repetitive
n Can be modeled as a quantitative model
n Can be delegated to lower levels or
automated
Properties of Nonprogrammed/
unstructured decisions
n Not welldefined
n Have no prespecified procedure or decision rule
n Decision situation may be novel one (e.g.: catastrophe)
n Or it may be related to recurring problems where conditions change very frequently and so substantially that no decision rule can be specified
n Can’t be delegated to lower levels and can’t be automated
Semistructured/ partially
programmed decisions
n Decisions falling within the two extremes
n Some semblance of structuring is
possible, which is then programmed
n Human judgment is applied to the
situational factors which are not structured
and thus not programmed
Classifying Decisions on the basis
of Knowledge of Outcomes
n Decisions under certainty
n Outcome of each alternative is fully known
n Only one outcome for each alternative
n Decisions under risk
n Possibility of multiple outcomes
n Probability of occurrence can be attached
n Decisions under uncertainty
n Number of outcomes for each alternative and their
probabilities of occurrence not known
Roadblocks to Good Decision
Making
n Human cognition
n Our mental ability to comprehend and understand
something
n Human perception
n Difficulty isolating problems
n Tend to think of only narrow range of possible
solution
n Human bias
n Tendency to shape responses based on
stereotypes, memory, and current position
How to Overcome the
Roadblocks
n Decision support systems (DSS) are one tool
n A computerbased system that supports and improves human decision making
n Helps analyze complex problems
n Process vast amounts of analytical data
n Group decision support systems (GDSS)
n Tool for supporting team decision making
n Executive information system (EIS)
n Computerbased system that supports the decisionmaking processes of senior managers
What is a DSS?
What is a DSS?
A DSS is a computerbased information
system designed to help managers generate
one or many alternative solutions to a
problem
Distinction between MIS and DSS
MIS DSS
Decision support
provided
Provide information
about organisation’s
performance for
general control
Provide support in
analyzing specific
problems and arriving
at decision options
Information form &
frequency
Periodic, exception,
demand and push/
routine reports
Interactive queries
and responses
Information format Prespecified, fixed
format
Ad hoc, flexible and
adaptable format
Information
processing
methodology
processing of data Analytical modeling of
data
Earlier Versions of DSS
n Standalone systems
n Modeldriven
n Usually developed by enduser divisions
Newer Versions of DSS
n Data from various enterprisebased
systems/ TPS collected in data
warehouses (DWH)
n Include a large pool of customer related
data and any other relevant external data
n Analyze DWH data through Online
Analytical Processing (OLAP) and Data
mining
System Description: Decision Support Systems
Decision Support SystemsSpecialpurpose information systems designed to support manageriallevel employees in organizational decision making
System Details These systems use computational software to construct models for analysis (most common MS Excel) to solve semistructured problems (e.g. sales or resource forecasts)
Supported Activities:
“Whatif” analysis – changing one or more variables in the model to observe the resulting effect (e.g. what is the payment if the interest rate increases 1%)
Characteristics of Decision Support
Systems
System Description: Common
Decision Support Systems
System Architecture: Decision
Support Systems
System Example – Loan Calculator
Variables to be Analyzed Loan Calculator Model
Analysis Results
DSS Components
n The DSS database: A collection of data from a number of applications or groups
n The DSS software system: Contains the software tools that are used for analyzing the data, including OLAP tools, datamining tools, or a collection of mathematical or analytical models
n The user interface: Controls the interaction between the users of the system and the DSS software tools
DSS Components
n Sensitivity Analysis
n the study of the effect that changes in one or more
parts of a model have on other parts of the model
n Whatif Analysis
n checks the impact of a change in the assumptions
or other input data on the proposed solution
n Goalseeking Analysis
n find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a
desired level of output
DSS Capabilities
DSS Process
n General Accident Insurance: Customer buying patterns and fraud detection
n Bank of America: Customer profiles
n FritoLay, Inc.: Price, advertising, and promotion selection
n Burlington Coat Factory:Store location and inventory mix
n Keycorp: Targeting direct mail marketing customers
n National Gypsum: Corporate planning & forecasting
n Southern Railway: Train dispatching and routing
n Texas Oil & Gas: Evaluation of potential drilling sites
n United Airlines: Flight scheduling, passenger demand forecasting
DSS Examples
n Computer system with software that can
analyze and display data using digitized
maps. Enables display and analysis of
spatial information.
n Examples – Location analysis, law
enforcement, identifying efficient delivery
routes
Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)
Some application areas of DSS
n Manufacturing
n Capacity planning
n Production planning and control
n Quality control
n Materials
n Inventory control
n Purchasing
n Warehousing
n HR
n HR planning & forecasting
n Manpower scheduling
Some application areas of DSS
(contd.)
n Marketing
n Sales forecasting
n Competitor analysis
n Pricing analysis
n Distribution
n Finance
n Capital budgeting
n Cost analysis
n Strategic Issues
n Product mix decisions
n Corporate planning
Examples of DSS
Organisation DSS Application
United Airlines Flight scheduling and
passenger demand
forecasting
US Department of Defence Defence Contract Analysis
Bank of America Customer Profiles
General Accident Insurance Customer buying patterns
GAP, USA Inventory Control
Decision Support Systems
n Intelligence Phase
n Automatic
n Data Mining
n Expert systems, CRM, neural networks
n Manual
n OLAP
n KMS
n Reporting
n Routine and ad hoc
Decision Support Systems
n Design Phase
n Financial and forecasting models
n Generation of alternatives by expert
system
n Relationship identification through OLAP
and data mining
n Recognition through KMS
n Business process models from CRM,
RMS, ERP, and SCM
Decision Support Systems
n Choice Phase
n Identification of best alternative
n Identification of good enough alternative
n Whatif analysis
n Goalseeking analysis
n May use KMS, GDSS, CRM, ERP, and
SCM systems
Decision Support Systems
n Implementation Phase
n Improved communications
n Collaboration
n Training
n Supported by KMS, expert systems,
GDSS
Why Use DSS?
Perceived benefits
n decision quality
n improved communication
n cost reduction
n increased productivity
n time savings
n improved customer and employee satisfaction
Pivot Table
n A PivotTable Report (commonly called a pivot table)
is a specialized report in Microsoft Excel that
summarizes and analyzes data from an outside source
like a
spreadsheet or similar table.
n a pivot table is a tool for taking a large and complete
amount of data and formatting it in a table that makes
that same information easier to understand and
assimilate.
Pivot Table
You generally will create a pivot table when
n you want to do one of the following:
n extract a smaller amount of data from a larger set of data
n sum up a large amount of data and compare one section
of the original data
n with another or
n organize subcategories of data within larger categories.
Groups Decision Support
Systems
n Having multiple participants in the decision process adds potential problems
n Production blocking
n Evaluation apprehension
n Social loafing
n Group think
n GDSS tools contain special tools to overcome these problems
GDSS Tools
n Brainstorming tools
n Commenter tools
n Categorizing tools
n Idearanking tools
n Electronicvoting tools
n Group facilitator
Executive Information Systems
n Computerbased tool that specifically
helps toplevel management make
strategic decisions
n Processes both internal and external data
n Presents data in summary form
n Drilldown is a key feature – gives the
manager the ability to see more details when
needed
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
n Field of study that explores the
development of computer systems that
behave like humans
n Strong AI – create a computer that can think
like a human
n Weak AI – develop computers and programs
that employ thinkinglike features
Expert Systems
n AI systems that codify human expertise in a
computer system
n Main goal is to transfer knowledge from one person to
another
n Wide range of subject areas
n Medical diagnosis
n Computer purchasing
n Whale watching
n Knowledge engineer elicits the expertise from the
expert and encodes it in the expert system
Expert Systems Components
n Knowledge base
n Inference engine
n User interface
n Explanation system
Other Artificial Intelligence
Technologies
n Neural networks – use software to simulate the neural working of the human brain
n Intelligent agents (bots) – autonomously handle tasks for humans and act on user’s behalf
n Genetic algorithms – Computer instructions that create a population of thousands on potential solutions and evolves the population toward better solutions
n Fuzzy logic – a way to get computers to come closer to the ability to see fine distinctions, not just ones and zeros











